Intestinal first-pass metabolism via carboxylesterase in rat jejunum and ileum.

To determine the activity of a major intestinal esterase in the first-pass hydrolysis of O-isovaleryl-propranolol (isovaleryl-PL), a model ester compound, rat intestinal jejunum and blood vessels were perfused simultaneously after inhibition of a carboxylesterase (CES) by bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP). BNPP specifically inhibits approximately 90% of CES activity without influencing aminopeptidase activity or the transport of L-leucyl-p-nitroanilide and p-nitroaniline, nonester compounds. When isovaleryl-PL was perfused into the jejunal lumen after BNPP treatment, its absorption clearance (7.60 +/- 0.74 microl/min) increased approximately 3-fold compared with control, whereas its degradation clearance (32.5 +/- 5.40 microl/min) decreased to 23% of control. Therefore, CES seems to be mainly responsible for the intestinal first-pass hydrolysis of isovaleryl-PL. This finding is consistent with the results from studies of in vitro BNPP inhibition in the mucosal S9 fraction. V(max) values for valeryl-PL, isovaleryl-PL, and p-nitrophenyl acetate in the jejunal S9 fraction were 1.7- to 2.5-fold higher than that in the ileal S9 fraction, which agreed with the jejunum/ileum ratio (approximately 1.5-fold) of mRNA expression levels for the CES2 isozymes, AB010635 and AY034877. These findings indicated that CESs expressed in the intestine markedly contribute to first-pass hydrolysis in both jejunum and ileum.