Influence of acid washing on the surface morphology of ionomer glasses and handling properties of glass ionomer cements.

Acid washing is known to influence the handling properties of ionomer glasses used in glass ionomer cements due to the production of an ion depleted-zone on the surface of the glass particles. The influence of acid washing on the particle size distribution and surface area of four glasses was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA) and accelerated surface area porosimetry (ASAP) and the working and setting times of cements, produced from the glasses, correlated to changes in surface morphology. A linear relationship was found between the specific surface area of acid-washed SiO(2)-Al(2)O(3)-XF(2)-P(2)O(5) glasses (X being either calcium or strontium) and their cement working and setting times. These changes directly correlated with increases in the mesopore volume. However, the influence of acid washing on the surface morphology was also found to be glass composition-dependent with the addition of sodium into the glass network resulting in no significant change in the surface area or mesopore volume despite changes in the working and setting time. Through examination of the influence of acid washing and glass composition on the specific surface area improvements in the control of the working and setting times of glass ionomer cements may be achieved.