Sperm stock and mating of males in a parasitoid wasp.

Hymenoptera are haplodiploid insects, consequently sex ratio depends on female's sperm management which itself arises from the reproductive capacity of neighbouring males. To study the influence of ageing on male reproductive potential, laboratory experiments were conducted on Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) males, a tropical wasp in which sperm counts are known to constrain sex ratio. Two groups of virgin males were compared: 1-day and 30-days old. Parameters recorded were sperm quantity and viability in seminal vesicles, shape of testis, mating ability in both individual and competitive situations and sperm stored by females after male multiple mating. Older males had twice as much sperm as young males, but their reproductive capacities did not differ. They were able to copulate with 20 successive virgin females in a short period. Sperm stored in spermathecae decreased with female mating order. In competition, old and young males had the same access to females. The difference between old and young males was visible at the level of reproductive tract: young males have functional testis and old males have empty non-functional testis. Spermatozoa are kept viable in male seminal vesicles for long periods. In this species, the reproductive potential of males is not altered by ageing. At the population level this may represent an adaptation for maintaining continuous reserves of sperm at the disposal of females. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.