Glycoxidised LDL isolated from subjects with impaired glucose tolerance increases CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma gene expression in macrophages.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Glycoxidised LDL has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes. Since atherogenesis may occur at an early stage of diabetes, we investigated whether circulating LDL isolated from subjects with IGT (n = 20) showed an increased glycoxidation status and explored the proatherogenic effects of LDL samples on macrophages. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated LDL modifications using GC-MS. Murine macrophages were incubated with LDL samples for 1 h, and then mRNA expression rates of the scavenger receptors CD36 and scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1, formerly known as SR-BI) and transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma) were quantified by real-time RT-PCR.
RESULTS: The GC-MS experiments revealed that oxidative modifications of proline, arginine, lysine and tyrosine residues in apolipoprotein B100 were three- to fivefold higher in LDL samples from IGT subjects compared with those from NGT subjects (n = 20). Moreover, LDL glycoxidation estimated by both Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nepsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) residues was increased more than ninefold in LDL from IGT subjects compared with samples from NGT subjects. Compared with NGT LDL, IGT LDL elicited a significantly higher CD36 (p < 0.05) and PPARG (p < 0.05) gene expression, whereas SCARB1 mRNA expression was not affected. CONCLUSIONS/
INTERPRETATION: These data suggest that IGT is associated with increased glycoxidation of circulating LDL, which might contribute to the conversion of macrophages into a proatherogenic phenotype.