BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA. In addition to immune cells, TLR9 expression has been detected in various cancer cells. We showed recently that TLR9 agonistic CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) induce matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13)-mediated invasion in TLR9-expressing (TLR9(+)) breast cancer cells. We investigated here TLR9 expression and function in human prostate cancer (CaP) cells. METHODS: TLR9 expression was detected with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Invasion was studied with Matrigel-assays. MMP-13 was assayed with ELISA. RESULTS: Human CaP cell lines and clinical samples exhibit various levels of TLR9 expression. Treatment of TLR9(+), but not TLR9(-) CaP cells with CpG-ODNs or bacterial DNA increased their invasion, which was inhibited with chloroquine. CpG-ODN-treatment also increased MMP-13 activity and neutralizing anti-MMP-13 antibody prevented CpG-ODN-induced invasion in TLR9(+) CaP cells. Estradiol up-regulated TLR9 expression in LnCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS: TLR9-mediated invasion may represent a novel mechanism through which infections promote prostate cancer. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BACKGROUND:Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA. In addition to immune cells, TLR9 expression has been detected in various cancer cells. We showed recently that TLR9 agonistic CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) induce matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13)-mediated invasion in TLR9-expressing (TLR9(+)) breast cancer cells. We investigated here TLR9 expression and function in humanprostate cancer (CaP) cells. METHODS:TLR9 expression was detected with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Invasion was studied with Matrigel-assays. MMP-13 was assayed with ELISA. RESULTS:Human CaP cell lines and clinical samples exhibit various levels of TLR9 expression. Treatment of TLR9(+), but not TLR9(-) CaP cells with CpG-ODNs or bacterial DNA increased their invasion, which was inhibited with chloroquine. CpG-ODN-treatment also increased MMP-13 activity and neutralizing anti-MMP-13 antibody prevented CpG-ODN-induced invasion in TLR9(+) CaP cells. Estradiol up-regulated TLR9 expression in LnCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS:TLR9-mediated invasion may represent a novel mechanism through which infections promote prostate cancer. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Authors: Mikko Mella; Joonas H Kauppila; Peeter Karihtala; Petri Lehenkari; Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen; Ylermi Soini; Päivi Auvinen; Markku H Vaarala; Hanna Ronkainen; Saila Kauppila; Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari; Katri S Vuopala; Katri S Selander Journal: Oncoimmunology Date: 2015-05-22 Impact factor: 8.110
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