Towards an empirical model of performance enhancing supplement use: a pilot study among high performance UK athletes.

This paper addressed a gap in the literature of empirically derived models of performance enhancing supplement use by developing a demographic and psychosocially based model of athlete supplement use. Selected questions were used from a larger survey conducted by UK Sport into British athletes' experiences, knowledge, attitudes and opinions in relation to anti-doping activities. Forward conditional step wise logistic regression was employed on data from n=757 athletes to develop a model that discriminated supplement non-users from users. The model identified that British athletes most likely to use supplements were younger (under 23) males who were more likely to see doping as a problem in their sport and were more knowledgeable about testing procedures than their non-user counterparts. Post hoc analysis reinforced that non-users saw doping as less of a problem in their sport and were less knowledgeable about drug testing procedures relative to those using supplements. The pattern of results indicated gender-specific interventions on supplement use for young male athletes may yield significant benefits. The relationship between supplement use and perception of a doping problem suggested more work is needed to understand supplement use culture within sports. The relationship between knowledge of testing procedures and supplement use suggested further research is needed to see whether this is a positive or negative effect of detection-based doping deterrence activity.