Violence and delinquency, early onset drug use, and psychopathology in drug-exposed youth at 11 years.

In this first study of violence and resilience in 517 youth exposed to cocaine and other drugs during pregnancy, we identified specific links between four types of violence and delinquency, drug use, and psychopathology in early adolescence. Further, positive and interpersonal attributes promoted resilience in the face of exposure to violence and other risks. This study provides new evidence for the impact of violence as well as resilience against disruptive forms of psychopathology and behavior.