[Advances in detection, evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease].

The incidence of end-stage kidney failure has increased dramatically world-wide in recent decades. It is a disorder that carries high mortality and morbidity and its treatment is expensive. Increased emphasis has been placed on early detection in recent years in the hope that it may lead to preventive strategies. However, these efforts have been hampered by ambiguous disease definitions. Recent guidelines have defined chronic kidney disease (CKD) as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and/or evidence of kidney damage by laboratory or imaging studies, of more than 3 months duration. Chronic kidney disease is divided into 5 stages based on renal function, where stage 1 is defined as normal GFR or above 90 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and stage 5 as GFR below 15 ml/min/1.73 m(2) which is consistent with end-stage kidney failure. The GFR can be measured directly but more conveniently it is calculated based on serum creatinine using formulas that have been shown to be fairly accurate. Epidemiological studies employing the new definition have shown that the prevalence of CKD is 5-10% in Western countries, leading to its recognition as a major public health problem. It has also been demonstrated that CKD is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. This year the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory at Landspitali University Hospital will begin reporting the estimated GFR along with the serum creatinine values. It is important that Icelandic physicians learn to use the estimated GFR in their daily practice to make the diagnosis and staging of CKD more effective. Hopefully this will lead to earlier detection and institution of therapy that may retard the development of end-stage kidney failure and decrease the associated cardiovascular risk.