Enhancing race-based prescribing precision with pharmacogenomics.

In the world of medicine and therapeutics, race and ethnicity might reasonably be considered as biomarkers or predictors of drug effect. Recognizing that all biomarkers are imperfect, self-reported race can be viewed as a complex combination of genetic and nongenetic biomarkers that is used by prescribing physicians as a predictor of drug effect. The use of pharmacogenetic markers, such as haplotypes, patterns of candidate genes, and specific genotypes, may be used to enhance the precision of race-based prescribing and, when possible, should be combined with nongenetic predictors of responses to optimize the individualization of therapy.