Factors affecting the fate of active proteins introduced in wastewater sludges: investigation with green fluorescent protein.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a reporter protein to investigate the interactions and fate of the active conformation of proteins in wastewater sludge. GFP was chosen because its fluorescence is dependent on the integrity of its native conformation. We identified factors that cause the loss of GFP fluorescence when this protein is introduced in aerobic or anaerobic sludge. In both systems, soluble polymers present in the liquid fraction caused an initial loss of fluorescence, but stabilized the remaining fluorescent GFP molecules. In aerobic sludge, interaction of GFP with the sludge solids initially caused an additional loss of fluorescence but the remaining fluorescence kept fairly constant over the following hours. In anaerobic sludge, on the contrary, interaction of GFP with the sludge solids caused a temperature dependent loss of fluorescence, probably related to the presence of precipitated ferrous sulfide. No direct relationship was found between sludge protease activity and loss of GFP fluorescence, suggesting that proteases are not the primary factor controlling the fate of the active form of proteins in wastewater sludges.