High diversity of plastidial promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Arabidopsis thaliana is well established as a model plant in modern plant biology. However, remarkably few details are known about plastidial promoters in Arabidopsis. Here, we report on the identification and analyses of sequences at transcription start sites of selected genes. The genes encoded by the plastome of higher plants are transcribed by a plastid-encoded (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded RNA plastid polymerase (NEP). To discriminate between NEP and PEP promoters we compared the 5'-ends of transcripts from chlorophyll-deficient Arabidopsis plants, which were grown on prokaryotic translation inhibitor spectinomycin to inhibit biosynthesis of PEP, with those of untreated plants. Using 5'-RACE combined with enzymatic treatment of RNAs to recognize primary and secondary 5'-ends, we unambiguously identified transcription initiation sites of the Arabidopsis accD, atpB, atpI, rpoB, rps4, rps15, and ycf1 genes. Comparison of plastidial promoters from tobacco and Arabidopsis revealed a high diversity, which may also apply to other plants. Furthermore, the diversity in individual promoter usage in different plants suggests that there are species-specific solutions for attaining control over gene expression in plastids.