BACKGROUND: Factors related to the metabolic syndrome and low levels of vitamin D have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer. Insofar, no studies have assessed their joint effects on prostate cancer risk. METHODS: We studied (a) the associations of vitamin D with the metabolic syndrome factors body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and (b) the prostate cancer risk associated with these factors and especially their joint effects with vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer. We did a longitudinal nested case-control study on 132 prostate cancer cases and 456 matched controls from a cohort of 18,939 Finnish middle-aged men from the Helsinki Heart Study. The odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer were assessed via conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Apart from HDL-C, there was no linear association between the metabolic syndrome factors and vitamin D levels. In univariate analysis, men in the highest quartiles of body mass index (>28 kg/m(2)) and systolic blood pressure (>150 mmHg) showed a modest increase in risks of prostate cancer, with ORs of 1.37 (P = 0.16) and 1.53 (P = 0.05) when compared with the three lower quartiles, but low HDL-C entailed no prostate cancer risk. However, with all three factors present, the OR was 3.36 (P = 0.02), and jointly with low vitamin D (<or=40 nmol/L), the OR was 8.03 (P = 0.005) compared with those with no metabolic syndrome factors and intermediate levels of vitamin D. There was an interaction between vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome factors so that a clustering of these factors entailed high risk of prostate cancer but only if vitamin D level was low (<or=40 nmol/L). If it was at intermediate levels, the metabolic syndrome factors entailed no prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the prostate cancer risk associated with factors related to the metabolic syndrome is strongly conditioned by levels of vitamin D.
BACKGROUND: Factors related to the metabolic syndrome and low levels of vitamin D have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer. Insofar, no studies have assessed their joint effects on prostate cancer risk. METHODS: We studied (a) the associations of vitamin D with the metabolic syndrome factors body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and (b) the prostate cancer risk associated with these factors and especially their joint effects with vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer. We did a longitudinal nested case-control study on 132 prostate cancer cases and 456 matched controls from a cohort of 18,939 Finnish middle-aged men from the Helsinki Heart Study. The odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer were assessed via conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Apart from HDL-C, there was no linear association between the metabolic syndrome factors and vitamin D levels. In univariate analysis, men in the highest quartiles of body mass index (>28 kg/m(2)) and systolic blood pressure (>150 mmHg) showed a modest increase in risks of prostate cancer, with ORs of 1.37 (P = 0.16) and 1.53 (P = 0.05) when compared with the three lower quartiles, but low HDL-C entailed no prostate cancer risk. However, with all three factors present, the OR was 3.36 (P = 0.02), and jointly with low vitamin D (<or=40 nmol/L), the OR was 8.03 (P = 0.005) compared with those with no metabolic syndrome factors and intermediate levels of vitamin D. There was an interaction between vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome factors so that a clustering of these factors entailed high risk of prostate cancer but only if vitamin D level was low (<or=40 nmol/L). If it was at intermediate levels, the metabolic syndrome factors entailed no prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the prostate cancer risk associated with factors related to the metabolic syndrome is strongly conditioned by levels of vitamin D.
Authors: Rebecca Gilbert; Chris Metcalfe; William D Fraser; Jenny Donovan; Freddie Hamdy; David E Neal; J Athene Lane; Richard M Martin Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2011-12-21 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: K Esposito; P Chiodini; A Capuano; G Bellastella; M I Maiorino; E Parretta; A Lenzi; D Giugliano Journal: J Endocrinol Invest Date: 2013-02 Impact factor: 4.256
Authors: Barbra A Dickerman; Johanna E Torfadottir; Unnur A Valdimarsdottir; Kathryn M Wilson; Laufey Steingrimsdottir; Thor Aspelund; Julie L Batista; Katja Fall; Edward Giovannucci; Lara G Sigurdardottir; Laufey Tryggvadottir; Vilmundur Gudnason; Sarah C Markt; Lorelei A Mucci Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2017-11-16 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer; Nora L Nock; Christine Neslund-Dudas; Andrew Rundle; Cathryn H Bock; Deliang Tang; Michelle Jankowski; Benjamin A Rybicki Journal: Urology Date: 2009-05-09 Impact factor: 2.649