Analysis of the permeation of cryoprotectants in cartilage.

Some tissues, such as cartilage and cornea, carry an internal fixed negative charge, leading to a swelling pressure that is balanced by tensile stress in the tissue matrix. During the addition and removal of cryoprotectants the changes in osmotic pressure will cause the tissue to deform. Because of the fixed charge and osmotic deformation, the permeation process in such tissues differs from ordinary diffusion processes. In this paper a biomechanical multi-solute theory is introduced to describe this process in cartilage tissue. Typical values for the physiological and biomechanical properties are used in the simulation. Several parameters - the aggregate modulus, the fixed charge density and the frictional parameter - are analyzed to show their impact on the process. It is shown that friction between water and cryoprotectant has the greatest influence but the fixed charge density is also important. The aggregate modulus and the frictional parameter between the cryoprotectant and the solid matrix have the least influence. Both the new biomechanical model and the conventional diffusion model were fitted to published experimental data concerning the time course of mean tissue cryoprotectant concentration when cartilage is immersed in solutions of dimethyl sulphoxide or propylene glycol: in all cases and with both models a good fit was obtained only when a substantial amount of non-solvent water was assumed.