Nonlinear finite element analysis of C0-C1-C2 complex under physiologic loads.

The aim of the present study is to develop a comprehensive, geometric, nonlinear finite element model of the occipito-atlanto-axial (C0-C1-C2) complex. More accurate geometric and material properties profited from Visible Human Male dataset which was introduced for the first time in the finite element research of the cervical spine. The biomechanical response of the model was validated and corresponded closely with the published experimental data under the four physiologic loading modes. The study shows that, in the physiologic range of motion of the neck, the ligaments are the overriding roles on the kinematics of the human upper cervical spine.