Transporter-mediated drug interactions: clinical implications and in vitro assessment.

Although they are less frequently compared with the reported cases of CYP-mediated drug interactions, clinically significant transporter-mediated drug interactions, which are mainly based on efflux transporter or P-glycoprotein data, have been reported. Unlike the CYP-mediated drug interactions that can be readily defined by inhibition or induction of CYP enzymes, the evidence for the so-called transporter-mediated drug interactions is often less conclusive. The difficulty in defining transporter-mediated drug interactions is due mainly to the interplay between transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in drug disposition, and the lack of specific and potent inhibitors for each transporter and enzyme. An important lesson learned from animal studies is that transporter inhibition has a much greater impact on the tissue distribution of drugs than on the systemic exposure of drugs measured in plasma. The potential risk of transporter-mediated drug interactions might be underestimated if only plasma concentrations are monitored.