Controversies in fluid resuscitation.

The optimal degree of resuscitation in the initial control and resuscitative phase of trauma care remains unclear. Many attempts have been made with animal studies to determine the optimal degree and method of resuscitation. Human studies were first conducted in 1994 and the results were inconclusive and have not been replicated. The question of the volume, rate, and type of fluid to be infused for initial control and adequate resuscitation of the trauma patient remains to be answered.