Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate on calcite and quartz.

The precipitation of calcium carbonate as a binding salt for the consolidation of loose sand formations is a promising approach. The heterogeneous nucleation and growth of calcite were investigated in supersaturated solutions. The ionic activities in the solutions tested were selected so that they included both supersaturations in which crystal growth took place only following the introduction of seed particles and supersaturations in which precipitation occurred spontaneously past the lapse of induction times. In the latter case the supersaturation conditions were sufficiently low to allow the measurement of induction times preceding the onset of precipitation. The stability domain of the calcium carbonate system was established at pH 8.50, 25 degrees C, measuring the induction times in the range between 30 min and 2 h. The rates of precipitation following the destabilization of the solutions were measured from the pH and/or concentration-time profiles. The induction times were inversely proportional and rates proportional to the solution supersaturation as expected. The high-order dependence of the rates of precipitation on the solution supersaturation suggested a polynuclear growth mechanism. Fitting of the induction time-supersaturation data according to this model yielded a value of 64 mJ/m2 for the surface energy of the calcite nucleus. In the concentration domain corresponding to stable supersaturated solutions, seeded growth experiments at constant supersaturation showed a second-order dependence on the rates of crystal growth of calcite seed crystals. Inoculation of the stable supersaturated solutions with quartz seed crystals failed to induce nucleation. Raising supersaturation to reach the unstable domain showed interesting features: calcite seed crystals yielded crystal growth kinetics compatible with the polynuclear growth model, without any induction time. The presence of quartz seed crystals reduced the induction times and resulted in nucleation in the bulk solution. The kinetic data in the latter case were consistent with the polynuclear growth model and the surface energy for the newly forming embryo was calculated equal to 31.1 mJ/m2, because of the dominantly heterogeneous nature of the process.