Evidence for duplication and divergence of the structural gene for phosphoglucoisomerase in diploid species of clarkia.

Formal genetic analysis of the mode of inheritance of the electrophoretic phenotypes for phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) in the annual plants Clarkia rubicunda and C. xantiana showed that these diploid species have two and three genes, respectively, that specify PGI subunits. Electrophoretic examination of seven other diploid species of Clarkia revealed that species assigned to ancestral sections in the current taxonomy have two PGI genes, whereas more specialized species have three PGI genes. Together with evidence that diploid species in two closely related genera have two PGI genes, this suggests the third PGI gene arose within Clarkia. Intergenic heterodimers are formed between polypeptides specified by the third gene and one of the other PGI genes, indicating they have a high degree of structural similarity. The combined genetic, biochemical, and phylogenetic evidence suggests that the third PGI gene resulted from a process of gene duplication. The apparent Michaelis constants (F6P to G6P) of the most common electrophoretic variants of the ancestral gene in C. xantiana and in C. rubicunda are closely similar, but that of the duplicate enzyme is much higher. The intergenic heteromer has an intermediate value. Four alleles have been identified for the duplicate PGI gene in C. xantiana, including a null allele which eliminates the activity of its product. This allele is one of the few examples of a "silenced" duplicate gene. The ancestral and duplicate genes assort independently in C. xantiana. In conjunction with the substantial chromosomal rearrangements that characterize species of Clarkia, this may mean that the duplicate PGI marks a duplicated chromosomal segment that originated from a cross between partially overlapping reciprocal translocations rather than from unequal crossing over.