BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies remain inconclusive as to whether old age depression is an independent risk factor, a prodrome, or a clinical concomitant of cognitive impairment. The objective of this study, using repeated measures over a 12-month period, was to examine the short-term temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-one medical inpatients 65 years old or older were followed up with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at enrollment and 3, 6, and 12 months later. A repeated-measures mixed linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between HDRS scores and MMSE changes over time and to test competing hypotheses about their temporal sequence. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, cardiovascular risk, illness severity, baseline physical and cognitive function, and other covariates, a one-point increase in HDRS score (baseline mean +/- standard deviation: 14.4 +/- 7.4) was associated with a lower MMSE score (-0.03, 95% confidence interval, -0.07 to 0.00) at the same time points, but not with the MMSE at subsequent time points (all p values >.40). There were no statistically significant interactions detected between follow-up time and HDRS scores measured at baseline or during follow-up. These results were confirmed in alternative models using dynamic measures of both HDRS and MMSE changes over each successive follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the short-term relationship between depression symptoms and cognitive functioning may be concurrent or temporary, rather than prospective or protracted, consistent with the clinical concomitant hypothesis.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies remain inconclusive as to whether old age depression is an independent risk factor, a prodrome, or a clinical concomitant of cognitive impairment. The objective of this study, using repeated measures over a 12-month period, was to examine the short-term temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-one medical inpatients 65 years old or older were followed up with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at enrollment and 3, 6, and 12 months later. A repeated-measures mixed linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between HDRS scores and MMSE changes over time and to test competing hypotheses about their temporal sequence. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, cardiovascular risk, illness severity, baseline physical and cognitive function, and other covariates, a one-point increase in HDRS score (baseline mean +/- standard deviation: 14.4 +/- 7.4) was associated with a lower MMSE score (-0.03, 95% confidence interval, -0.07 to 0.00) at the same time points, but not with the MMSE at subsequent time points (all p values >.40). There were no statistically significant interactions detected between follow-up time and HDRS scores measured at baseline or during follow-up. These results were confirmed in alternative models using dynamic measures of both HDRS and MMSE changes over each successive follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the short-term relationship between depression symptoms and cognitive functioning may be concurrent or temporary, rather than prospective or protracted, consistent with the clinical concomitant hypothesis.
Authors: Suzanne C Danhauer; Claudine Legault; Hanna Bandos; Kelley Kidwell; Joseph Costantino; Leslie Vaughan; Nancy E Avis; Steve Rapp; Laura H Coker; Michelle Naughton; Cecile Naylor; Antonio Terracciano; Sally Shumaker Journal: Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn Date: 2012-12-14
Authors: Joseph M Dzierzewski; Guy G Potter; Richard N Jones; Ola S Rostant; Brian Ayotte; Frances M Yang; Bonnie C Sachs; Betsy J Feldman; David C Steffens Journal: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2015-02-20 Impact factor: 3.485
Authors: S Gillette Guyonnet; G Abellan Van Kan; S Andrieu; J P Aquino; C Arbus; J P Becq; C Berr; S Bismuth; B Chamontin; T Dantoine; J F Dartigues; B Dubois; B Fraysse; T Hergueta; H Hanaire; C Jeandel; S Lagleyre; F Lala; F Nourhashemi; P J Ousset; F Portet; P Ritz; P Robert; Y Rolland; C Sanz; M Soto; J Touchon; B Vellas Journal: J Nutr Health Aging Date: 2008-10 Impact factor: 4.075
Authors: Roberto Rodrigues; Mark A Smith; Xinglong Wang; George Perry; Hyoung-Gon Lee; Xiongwei Zhu; Robert B Petersen Journal: Future Neurol Date: 2012-05