Management of gout in older adults: barriers to optimal control.

Gout, a common inflammatory arthritis, can be diagnosed with absolute certainty. Gout results from the body's reaction to urate crystals deposited in tissues, and this pathophysiology is well understood. If used appropriately, available therapies can be entirely effective in not only treating the symptoms of gout, but also in eliminating the excess urate from the body, thereby eradicating the disease. Because of these facts, management of patients with gout should be successful. However, management of gout is particularly challenging in the elderly, even though the principles of management are the same for all age groups. The purpose of this article is to review these principles and discuss them as they pertain to the elderly. The classic gout attack is acute in onset, extremely painful and associated with marked swelling, warmth, erythema and tenderness of a single joint. However, the diagnosis of gout may be challenging in the elderly because atypical presentations are more common in this group. Treatment of acute gout involves the use of NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids or corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Unfortunately, co-morbid conditions such as chronic kidney disease, peptic ulcer disease and congestive heart failure may make the use of these agents dangerous or contraindicated. Thus, it is important to try to treat an acute flare of gout at the earliest sign, because the sooner treatment is initiated, the faster the inflammation will resolve. Urate-lowering agents include allopurinol and uricosuric agents. These also must be used judiciously in the elderly. However, if used at the lowest dose that maintains the serum urate level below 5.0-6.0 mg/dL, the excess urate in the body will be eliminated, acute flares will no longer occur and tophi will resolve. Gout is often seen in association with hypertension, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia. These conditions and the medications used to treat them may contribute to the hyperuricaemia. Treating these conditions and using medications that do not promote hyperuricaemia will aid in the management of gout. Despite the challenges that often complicate the management of gout in the elderly, an understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and both the indications and limitations of the medications used should allow successful treatment.