Motor planning of arm movements is direction-dependent in the gravity field.

In the present study we analyzed kinematic and dynamic features of arm movements in order to better elucidate how the motor system integrates environmental constraints (gravity) into motor planning and control processes. To reach this aim, we experimentally manipulated the mechanical effects of gravity on the arm while maintaining arm inertia constant (i.e. the distribution of the mass around the shoulder joint). Six subjects performed single-joint arm movements (rotation around the shoulder joint) in both sagittal (upward, U, versus downward, D) and horizontal (left, L, versus right, R) planes, at different amplitudes and from different initial positions. Under these conditions, shoulder gravitational torques (SGTs) significantly varied when arm movements were performed in the sagittal but not in the horizontal plane. Contrary to SGTs, arm inertia remained constant and similar for both horizontal and sagittal planes since subjects performed arm movements with only one degree of freedom. All subjects, whatever the movement direction, appropriately scaled shoulder joint kinematic parameters according to movement amplitude. Furthermore, peak velocity and movement duration were equivalent for both horizontal and sagittal planes. Interestingly, some kinematic parameters significantly differed according to U/D but not L/R directions. Specifically, acceleration duration was greater for D than U movements, while the opposite was true for peak acceleration. Consequently, although vertical and horizontal arm movements shared a general common strategy (i.e. scaling law), the kinematic asymmetries between U and D arm movements, especially those that reflect central planning process (i.e. peak acceleration), indicated different motor intentions regarding the direction of the upcoming movement. These findings indicate that the interaction of the arm with the dynamics of the environment is internally represented during the generation of arm trajectories.