Fabrication of three-dimensional tissues.

The goal of tissue engineering is to restore or replace the lost functions of diseased or damaged organs. Ideally, engineered tissues should provide nutrient transport, mechanical stability, coordination of multicellular processes, and a cellular microenvironment that promotes phenotypic stability. To achieve this goal, many engineered tissues require both macro- (approximately cm) and micro- (approximately 100 microm) scale architectural features. In recent years, techniques from the manufacturing world have been adapted to create scaffolds for tissue engineering with defined three-dimensional architectures at physiologically relevant length scales. This chapter reviews three-dimensional fabrication techniques for tissue engineering, including: acellular scaffolds, cellular assembly, and hybrid scaffold/cell constructs.