An updated review of the literature: risk factors for bladder cancer with focus on occupational exposures.

Workplace exposures account for 5 to 25% of all bladder cancer cases. A critical review of the literature between 1938 and 2004 was performed, with a focus on occupational exposures. Occupational exposure to bladder carcinogens, particularly to beta-naphthylamine occur in a number of industries, including aromatic amine manufacture, rubber and cable manufacture, and dyestuff manufacture and use. Risks to workers in a number of new occupations and industries are reviewed. Nonoccupational risk factors that are known or at one time have been thought to increase the risk of bladder cancer are also discussed.