Diffusion and viscosity in a crowded environment: from nano- to macroscale.

Although water is the chief component of living cells, food, and personal care products, the supramolecular components make their viscosity larger than that of water by several orders of magnitude. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), NMR, and rheology data, we show how the viscosity changes from the value for water at the molecular scale to the large macroviscosity. We determined the viscosity experienced by nanoprobes (of sizes from 0.28 to 190 nm) in aqueous micellar solution of hexaethylene-glycol-monododecyl-ether (in a range of concentration from 0.1% w/w to 35% w/w) and identified a clear crossover at the length scale of 17 +/- 2 nm (slightly larger than persistence length of micelles) at which viscosity acquires its macroscopic value. The sharp dependence of the viscosity coefficients on the size of the probe in the nanoregime has important consequences for diffusion-limited reactions in crowded environments (e.g., living cells).