Aluminum tolerance of two wheat cultivars (Brevor and Atlas66) in relation to their rhizosphere pH and organic acids exuded from roots.

Phytotoxicity of aluminum (Al) has become a serious problem in inhibiting plant growth on acid soils. Under Al stress, the changes of rhizosphere pH, root elongation, absorption of Al by wheat roots, organic acids exuded from roots, and some main factors related to Al-tolerant mechanisms have been studied using hydroponics, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two wheat cultivars, Brevor and Atlas66, differing in Al tolerance are chosen in the study. Accordingly, the rhizosphere pH has a positive effect on Al tolerance. Atlas66 (Al-tolerant) has higher capability to maintain high rhizosphere pH than Brevor (Al-sensitive) does. High pH can reduce Al3+ activity and toxicity, and increase the efficiency of exuding organic acids from the roots. More inhibition of root elongation has been found in Brevor because of the exposure of roots to Al3+ solution at low pH. Brevor accumulate more Al in roots than Atlas66 even at higher pH. Al-induced exudation of malic and citric acids has been found in Atlas66 roots, while no Al-induced organic acids have been found in Brevor. These results indicate that the Al-induced secretion of organic acids from Atlas66 roots has a positive correlation with Al tolerance. Comprehensive treatment of Al3+ and H+ indicates that wheat is adversely influenced by excess Al3+, rather than low pH.