Characterization of glutamate uptake systems in astrocyte primary cultures from rat brain.

The dependence of 3[H]-L-glutamate uptake on the presence of sodium, chloride, or calcium ions or on a combination of the three was investigated in astrocyte primary cultures. A stimulating effect on glutamate uptake by each of the ions tested was found. In addition to the comparably small effect by calcium alone, calcium exhibits a synergistic effect on the sodium- and chloride-dependent uptake. The sodium-dependent transport accumulates the glutamate analogue D-aspartate as well as L-glutamate. L-aspartate is taken up by about 50% of the values observed for L-glutamate transport. Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake is strongly inhibited by aspartate-beta-hydroxamate (A beta H) and threo-beta-hydroxyaspartate (T beta H). Quisqualate is less potent in inhibiting this uptake. In contrast, the chloride- and the calcium-dependent uptake systems do not handle D- and L-aspartate as substrates. A beta H and T beta H are only poor inhibitors of these transporters while quisqualate reduces glutamate uptake almost completely. Kinetic data of all uptake systems were estimated. High and low affinity components of each individual system are demonstrated by Eadie-Hofstee analysis. Hill plots indicate that high and low affinity uptake may be due either to two respective uptake sites for Na(+)-, Cl(-)-, and Ca(++)-dependent glutamate transport, or to two glutamate binding sites for each single transport system with negative cooperativity.