Expression of Vitreoscilla haemoglobin in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides).

We describe the first ever expression of Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) in an economically important boreal woody plant hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides). VHb has mainly been expressed in biotechnologically important unicellular organisms of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. VHb expression, in this study, was analysed under different greenhouse cultivation conditions and under elevated UV-B illumination. Microscope analyses of leaves grown under optimized conditions revealed significant differences both in cell structure and size when the transgenic VHb lines were compared with the control lines. VHb lines displayed a higher relative volume of mitochondria and a significantly enhanced accumulation of starch in chloroplasts, all of which pointed towards changes in cellular energy production. Under elevated UV-B illumination, the differences between VHb lines became evident. Some specific VHb lines had elevated levels of total flavonoids, individual quercetin, kaempferol- and myricetin-derivatives relative to controls and other transgenic lines. This observation may reflect the availability of extra energy resources for secondary metabolite production and possibly an enhanced protection ability of these transgenic lines against UV-B illumination. Thus, all these findings point to changes in the energy metabolism of VHb lines. In the cultivation conditions tested this observation did not, however, result in a general improvement of elongation growth.