Drug-induced lupus: an update.

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) is a lupus-like illness that has been recognized as an entity under environmentally-induced lupus erythematosus, where other agents such as physical (ultra-violet irradiation), chemical (heavy metals, aromatic amines) and food products (alfalfa sprouts) have been implicated. DILE has been accepted as a side effect of therapy with over 80 drugs since its first description in association with sulfadiazine in 1945. The epidemiology and clinical course of SLE and DILE differ markedly and prognosis is generally favourable in the latter although occasional life-threatening cases have been reported in the literature. Constant pharmacovigilance is crucial for prompt diagnosis and cessation of offending therapy offers the best outcome. This review discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis of DILE as well as provides an update on postulated pathogenic mechanisms and an overview of implicated drugs.