OBJECTIVE: The metabolic syndrome is more common in socially disadvantaged groups. Inequalities in household wealth are currently widening and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 1,509 women and 4,090 men (aged 45.2-68.9 years) of an occupational cohort study of 20 civil service departments located in London, U.K. Components of the metabolic syndrome were measured in 1997-1999 and defined using a modified World Health Organization definition. RESULTS: Own income, household income, and wealth were each strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome in both sexes (P(trend) < 0.001). Within each group of household wealth, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in men than in women. Sex differences became smaller with decreasing household wealth, with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome rising from 12.0 and 5.7% in the wealthiest men and women, respectively, to corresponding values of 23.6 and 20.1% in the poorest group. The odds ratio (95% CI) associated with each decrease of one category in household wealth was 1.25 (1.03-1.50) in men and 1.69 (1.18-2.41) in women, adjusting for age, household members, occupational grade, education, father's social class, personal and household income, ethnic group, smoking, alcohol intake, diet, and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Household wealth, a measure of assets accumulated over decades and generations, is strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. Future research should explore the potential mechanisms by which wealth inequalities are associated with the metabolic syndrome.
OBJECTIVE: The metabolic syndrome is more common in socially disadvantaged groups. Inequalities in household wealth are currently widening and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 1,509 women and 4,090 men (aged 45.2-68.9 years) of an occupational cohort study of 20 civil service departments located in London, U.K. Components of the metabolic syndrome were measured in 1997-1999 and defined using a modified World Health Organization definition. RESULTS: Own income, household income, and wealth were each strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome in both sexes (P(trend) < 0.001). Within each group of household wealth, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in men than in women. Sex differences became smaller with decreasing household wealth, with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome rising from 12.0 and 5.7% in the wealthiest men and women, respectively, to corresponding values of 23.6 and 20.1% in the poorest group. The odds ratio (95% CI) associated with each decrease of one category in household wealth was 1.25 (1.03-1.50) in men and 1.69 (1.18-2.41) in women, adjusting for age, household members, occupational grade, education, father's social class, personal and household income, ethnic group, smoking, alcohol intake, diet, and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Household wealth, a measure of assets accumulated over decades and generations, is strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. Future research should explore the potential mechanisms by which wealth inequalities are associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Authors: Jan Hammarsten; Jan-Erik Damber; Mohammad A Haghsheno; Dan Mellström; Ralph Peeker Journal: Nat Rev Urol Date: 2018-02-13 Impact factor: 14.432
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Authors: Kristal L Chichlowska; Kathryn M Rose; Ana V Diez-Roux; Sherita H Golden; Annie M McNeill; Gerardo Heiss Journal: Ann Epidemiol Date: 2009-10-04 Impact factor: 3.797
Authors: M Gharipour; R Kelishadi; N Toghianifar; A A Tavassoli; A R Khosravi; F Sajadi; N Sarrafzadegan Journal: Iran Red Crescent Med J Date: 2011-08-01 Impact factor: 0.611