Practical issues of hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside.

The hemodynamic monitoring of a surgical patient acquires a major relevance in high-risk patients and those suffering from surgical diseases associated with hemodynamic instability, such as hemorrhagic or septic shock. This article reviews the fundamental physiologic principles needed to understand hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside. Monitoring defines stability, instability, and response to therapy. The major hemodynamic parameters measured and derived from invasive hemodynamic monitoring, such as arterial, central venous, and pulmonary catheterization, are discussed, as are its clinical indications, benefits, and complications. The current clinical data relevant to hemodynamic monitoring are reviewed and discussed.