Orphan nuclear receptors, excellent targets of drug discovery.

To date, the pharmaceutical industry has placed a considerable amount of interest in the discovery of drug targets and diagnostics. One of the most challenging areas of drug discovery today is the search for novel receptor-ligand pairs. Nuclear receptors comprise a large superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes critical for a variety of biological processes, including development, growth, differentiation, and homeostasis. Orphan nuclear receptors, for which the ligands are not yet identified, represent the most ancient component of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Orphan nuclear receptors not only offer a unique system to uncover novel signaling pathways that impact human health, but also provide excellent targets of drug discoveries for a variety of human diseases. This review highlights advances made on ligand identification for orphan nuclear receptors using transgenic mouse models, cell-based screening, direct binding, structure-based assays, and computer-aided virtual screening. With rapid advances in combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, along with other modern technologies, this field promises a bountiful harvest.