OBJECTIVE: There is increasing evidence to suggest that toxic oxygen radicals play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. This study was designed to investigate the effects of leflunomide, an isoxazole derivative and a unique immunomodulatory agent, in I/R-induced renal injury in rats. METHODS: Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups: (I) control (only leflunomide 10 mg/kg, intragastrically treated); (II) sham operated (only unilateral nephrectomy); (III) I/R; and (IV) leflunomide (10 mg/kg for two doses prior to experiment) plus I/R groups. In groups III and IV, after unilateral nephrectomy, the rats were subjected to 60 min of left renal pedicle occlusion, followed by 6 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, rats were killed and kidneys and blood were removed. Catalase, myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, and malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and protein carbonyl levels were determined in renal tissue. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase were measured for the evaluation of renal function. In histopathological examination, renal damage was scored 0-3. RESULTS: Group III animals demonstrated severe deterioration of renal function, renal morphology and a significant renal oxidative stress. Pretreatment of animals with leflunomide markedly attenuated renal dysfunction, morphological alterations, reduced elevated oxidative stress products levels and restored the depleted renal antioxidant enzyme. CONCLUSION: The findings imply that oxygen radicals play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury, and leflunomide exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities with immunomodulatory effect.
OBJECTIVE: There is increasing evidence to suggest that toxic oxygen radicals play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. This study was designed to investigate the effects of leflunomide, an isoxazole derivative and a unique immunomodulatory agent, in I/R-induced renal injury in rats. METHODS: Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups: (I) control (only leflunomide 10 mg/kg, intragastrically treated); (II) sham operated (only unilateral nephrectomy); (III) I/R; and (IV) leflunomide (10 mg/kg for two doses prior to experiment) plus I/R groups. In groups III and IV, after unilateral nephrectomy, the rats were subjected to 60 min of left renal pedicle occlusion, followed by 6 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, rats were killed and kidneys and blood were removed. Catalase, myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, and malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and protein carbonyl levels were determined in renal tissue. Serum creatinine, blood ureanitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase were measured for the evaluation of renal function. In histopathological examination, renal damage was scored 0-3. RESULTS: Group III animals demonstrated severe deterioration of renal function, renal morphology and a significant renal oxidative stress. Pretreatment of animals with leflunomide markedly attenuated renal dysfunction, morphological alterations, reduced elevated oxidative stress products levels and restored the depleted renal antioxidant enzyme. CONCLUSION: The findings imply that oxygen radicals play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury, and leflunomide exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities with immunomodulatory effect.