Fate of a 14C-labeled nonylphenol isomer in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor.

This study aimed at giving a better insight into the possible fate of nonylphenol (NP) during wastewater treatment by using a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) designed and optimized for fate studies carried out with radiolabeled compounds. After a single pulse of 14C-labeled-NP isomer (4-[1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl]phenol) as radiotracer, the applied radioactivity was monitored in the MBR system over 34 days. The mass balance of NP residues at the end of the study showed that 42% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in the effluent as degradation products of NP, 21% was removed with the daily excess sludge from the MBR, and 34% was recovered as adsorbed in the component parts of the MBR. A high amount of NP was associated to the sludge during the test period, while degradation compounds were mainly found in the effluent. Partial identification of these metabolites by means of HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to radio-detection showed they are alkyl-chain oxidation products of NP. The use of this MBR and a radiolabeled test compound was found suitable for demonstrating that under the applied conditions, the elimination of NP through mineralization and volatilization processes (both less than 1%) was negligible. However, the removal of NP via sorption and the continuous release of oxidation products of NP in permeate were of relevance.