Stones and bones: bone resorption and metabolism in stoneformers.

Abnormalities of bone metabolism and osteopenia (which may be progressive) are features of idiopathic calcium stone disease. This abnormal bone metabolism may be mediated by increased levels of, or responsiveness to, calcitriol or cytokines, including interleukin-1. Bone resorption may be reduced experimentally with bisphosphonates, but for clinical management an appropriate adjustment of dietary calcium intake may be the method of choice to ameliorate bone loss.