Inhibition of human preadipocyte proteasomal activity by HIV protease inhibitors or specific inhibitor lactacystin leads to a defect in adipogenesis, which involves matrix metalloproteinase-9.

In a previous publication, we reported that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibited the differentiation of human preadipocytes in primary culture, reducing the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). The present work was performed to clarify this mechanism. Interestingly, HIV-PIs have been reported to be inhibitors of the proteasome complex, which is known to regulate nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation and transcription of its target genes, among them MMP-9. We thus investigated the potential involvement of the proteasome in the antiadipogenic effects of HIV-PIs. The effect of four HIV-PIs was tested on preadipocyte proteasomal activity, and chronic treatment with the specific proteasome inhibitor lactacystin was performed to evaluate alterations of adipogenesis and MMP-9 expression/secretion. Finally, modifications of the NF-kappaB pathway induced by either HIV-PIs or lactacystin were studied. We demonstrated that preadipocyte proteasomal activity was decreased by several HIV-PIs and that chronic treatment with lactacystin mimicked the effects of HIV-PIs by reducing adipogenesis and MMP-9 expression/secretion. Furthermore, we observed an intracellular accumulation of the NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaBbeta, with chronic treatment with HIV-PIs or lactacystin as well as a decrease in MMP-9 expression induced by acute tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation. These results indicate that inhibition of the proteasome by specific (lactacystin) or nonspecific (HIV-PIs) inhibitors leads to a reduction of human adipogenesis, and they therefore implicate deregulation of the NF-kappaB pathway and the related decrease of the key adipogenic factor, MMP-9. This study adds significantly to recent reports that have linked HIV-PI-related lipodystrophic syndrome with altered proteasome function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and metabolic disorders.