Longitudinal study of suicide after traumatic injury.

BACKGROUND: Suicide risk after discharge among trauma patients could be influenced by multiple factors. The aim of this study is to establish whether patients discharged from a trauma center experience an increased suicide rate and whether this can be explained by defined demographic, injury, or alcohol abuse risk factors.
METHODS: Patients admitted between July 1, 1983, and June 30, 1995, and discharged alive from a Level I trauma center (n = 27,399) were followed for 1.5 to 14.5 years to determine whether they had died. Death determination was made by an epidemiologic support service, which had created a repository of death certificates. Variables used in the analyses included age, gender, race, Injury Severity Score, discharge disposition, mechanism of injury, and alcohol toxicology. General and trauma populations were compared using standard mortality rates. Risk factors for suicide within the trauma population were explored using Pearson's chi2, Mantel-Haenszel chi2, Cox proportional hazards, and Mantel-Cox log-rank methodology.
RESULTS: Suicide was more common in the trauma than in the general population (standard mortality rate = 1.71). This difference may be attributed primarily to alcohol use problems. Suicide risk in the trauma population increased with age from 25 to 44 years, male gender, Caucasian race, and positive alcohol toxicology. Disability (as measured by discharge disposition), but not injury severity, also seemed to have an influence on suicide rates.
CONCLUSION: Interventions that address modifiable risk factors for suicide (substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, hopelessness, and social isolation) could benefit trauma patients known to be at higher risk for suicide, particularly those abusing alcohol.