Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in the inflammatory reaction induced by hydroxyapatite particles.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used to coat metal parts in order to improve their biocompatibility. Analysis of retrieved tissues associated with failed implants, suggest that phagocytosis of HA wear debris by monocytes/macrophages might provide a potent stimulus for the release of a variety of cytokines. Phagocytosis involved a large variety of cellular receptors like toll-like receptors that results in activation of the transcriptional nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) via a cell-signalling pathway. In the present paper, we aimed to evaluate the role of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by HA particles using TLR4(+) and TLR4(-) peritoneal macrophages. We investigated the production of TNF-alpha and the activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB. Our data clearly show for the first time that the production of TNF-alpha by macrophages exposed to HA particles was TLR4 dependent but not the activation of NF-kappaB. All these results open future therapies to reduce the inflammatory response induced by HA biomaterials.