OBJECTIVES: The uncommon fungal pathogen Trichoderma shows increasing medical importance particularly in immunocompromised patients. Despite systemic antifungal therapy, prognosis of Trichoderma infection is poor regardless of the type of infection and the therapy used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity and synergism of double antifungal combinations including amphotericin B, voriconazole, fluconazole, chlorhexidine digluconate and Akacid plus against 15 isolates of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and 1 isolate of Trichoderma harzianum. METHODS: Individual MICs were determined by using broth microdilution method following the NCCLS M38-A guidelines with standard RPMI 1640 broth. Synergy tests were performed using the chequerboard method. RESULTS: All clinical Trichoderma strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluconazole (MICs>or=64 mg/L) and amphotericin B (MICs=2 mg/L), whereas lower MICs of 0.5-1 mg/L were detected for voriconazole. Akacid plus reached the lowest MIC values in a range of 0.06-0.5 mg/L, 4- to 32-fold higher MICs were found for chlorhexidine. No antagonism was observed for any of the antifungal combinations tested. Interaction of amphotericin B and azoles was indifferent (fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI 2-4). The combination of one azole and one cationic biocide showed different degree of synergism (FICI 0.07-2.03). Interaction of Akacid plus and chlorhexidine resulted in synergism for each Trichoderma isolate (FICI-range 0.05-0.5). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate no interaction between antifungals and some degree of synergism between azoles and cationic antimicrobials against Trichoderma spp.
OBJECTIVES: The uncommon fungal pathogen Trichoderma shows increasing medical importance particularly in immunocompromised patients. Despite systemic antifungal therapy, prognosis of Trichoderma infection is poor regardless of the type of infection and the therapy used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity and synergism of double antifungal combinations including amphotericin B, voriconazole, fluconazole, chlorhexidine digluconate and Akacid plus against 15 isolates of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and 1 isolate of Trichoderma harzianum. METHODS: Individual MICs were determined by using broth microdilution method following the NCCLS M38-A guidelines with standard RPMI 1640 broth. Synergy tests were performed using the chequerboard method. RESULTS: All clinical Trichoderma strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluconazole (MICs>or=64 mg/L) and amphotericin B (MICs=2 mg/L), whereas lower MICs of 0.5-1 mg/L were detected for voriconazole. Akacid plus reached the lowest MIC values in a range of 0.06-0.5 mg/L, 4- to 32-fold higher MICs were found for chlorhexidine. No antagonism was observed for any of the antifungal combinations tested. Interaction of amphotericin B and azoles was indifferent (fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI 2-4). The combination of one azole and one cationic biocide showed different degree of synergism (FICI 0.07-2.03). Interaction of Akacid plus and chlorhexidine resulted in synergism for each Trichoderma isolate (FICI-range 0.05-0.5). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate no interaction between antifungals and some degree of synergism between azoles and cationic antimicrobials against Trichoderma spp.
Authors: Monika Schmoll; Christoph Dattenböck; Nohemí Carreras-Villaseñor; Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza; Doris Tisch; Mario Ivan Alemán; Scott E Baker; Christopher Brown; Mayte Guadalupe Cervantes-Badillo; José Cetz-Chel; Gema Rosa Cristobal-Mondragon; Luis Delaye; Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo; Alexa Frischmann; Jose de Jesus Gallardo-Negrete; Monica García-Esquivel; Elida Yazmin Gomez-Rodriguez; David R Greenwood; Miguel Hernández-Oñate; Joanna S Kruszewska; Robert Lawry; Hector M Mora-Montes; Tania Muñoz-Centeno; Maria Fernanda Nieto-Jacobo; Guillermo Nogueira Lopez; Vianey Olmedo-Monfil; Macario Osorio-Concepcion; Sebastian Piłsyk; Kyle R Pomraning; Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias; Maria Teresa Rosales-Saavedra; J Alejandro Sánchez-Arreguín; Verena Seidl-Seiboth; Alison Stewart; Edith Elena Uresti-Rivera; Chih-Li Wang; Ting-Fang Wang; Susanne Zeilinger; Sergio Casas-Flores; Alfredo Herrera-Estrella Journal: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev Date: 2016-02-10 Impact factor: 11.056
Authors: Irina S Druzhinina; Verena Seidl-Seiboth; Alfredo Herrera-Estrella; Benjamin A Horwitz; Charles M Kenerley; Enrique Monte; Prasun K Mukherjee; Susanne Zeilinger; Igor V Grigoriev; Christian P Kubicek Journal: Nat Rev Microbiol Date: 2011-09-16 Impact factor: 60.633