Update on vesicoureteral reflux: pathogenesis, nephropathy, and management.

Clinical reflux was first visualized over 100 years ago. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the assumption was that surgery to relieve bladder neck obstruction would have a positive effect on bladder function and reflux. By the early 1970s it was understood that the underlying structural problems leading to primary reflux were congenitally abnormal distal ureters and orifices. Researchers in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated the connection between reflux and renal scarring. More recently, reflux nephropathy in the absence of urinary tract infections has been observed, leading researchers to investigate an association between bladder dysfunction and reflux with resulting nephropathy. The cornerstone of management of the child with vesicoureteral reflux is antibiotic prophylaxis; treatment regimens for various grades of reflux are reviewed. Indications for surgical treatment of reflux are also discussed. Controversies regarding vesicoureteral reflux, including duration of prophylactic treatment, remain to be resolved.