Biofilm formation by field isolates and reference strains of Haemophilus parasuis.

The ability to form biofilms for a total of 80 field isolates and 15 reference strains of Haemophilus parasuis, the etiological agent of Glasser's disease, was tested by glass tube and polystyrene microtiter plate assays. A total 43% of field isolates, including strains representing 13 serovars (except serovars 3 and 8) and non-typable strains, exhibited the ability to form biofilms at different levels via polystyrene microtiter plate assays. Among the reference strains representing 15 serovars, only serovars 2, 9, 12, 13 and 15 could not form biofilms on the polystyrene surface. A total of 85% of the strains forming biofilms at air-liquid interfaces in glass tubes also formed biofilms on polystyrene surfaces. Generally, non-virulent serovars showed a higher degree of biofilm formation than virulent serovars. The biofilm formation phenotype of most strains was maintained when cultures were passaged on agar and in broth. H. parasuis from the nasal cavities of pigs experimentally infected with biofilm-positive bacteria maintained the biofilm formation phenotype, whereas bacteria recovered from the lung and brain lost the ability to form biofilms. The biofilm-negative strains did not recover the ability to form biofilms via experimental infection. Our data indicate that most serovars of H. parasuis could form biofilms in vitro, and the biofilm formation phenotype is associated with the recovery site of the strains and is maintained when bacteria are passaged in vitro and in the upper respiratory tract.