Male killers and the origins of paternal genome elimination.

The haploidizing male killer hypothesis suggests an evolutionary origin for paternal genome elimination (PGE) that is consistent with the ecological correlates of ancestral haplodiploid insect clades. We make use of population genetics models to test the logic and assumptions of this hypothesis with particular emphasis on the co-evolution between bacteria and host. We derive simple invasion conditions for rare modifiers of bacteria transmission and rare modifiers of host survivorship after haploidization. We also study the evolutionary dynamics of both these modifiers. We conclude that PGE shows evolutionary genetic stability and present a comprehensive analysis of the probability that such genetic system evolves due to the action of cytoplasmic genes.