John R Hughes1. 1. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
Abstract
AIM: To examine the pros and cons of using the same diagnostic criteria for dependence across all drugs versus using dependence criteria specific to the drug of interest. METHODS: A qualitative review of the similarities and differences in nicotine versus alcohol and opiate dependence is used as an example of the utility of using generic versus drug-specific criteria. RESULTS: Many scientists implicitly recognize that nicotine dependence is different when they do not include nicotine dependence when studying 'drug dependence'. Nicotine and alcohol/opiate dependence have many similarities (e.g. both can cause withdrawal). Among the several differences, the most important is that nicotine dependence does not cause acute behavioral impairment. Some of the generic dependence criteria do not apply to nicotine dependence (e.g. giving up activities to use the drug) and some well-validated measures of nicotine dependence (e.g. time to first cigarette) are not included in the generic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical tests of the relative utility of generic versus drug-specific criteria are needed.
AIM: To examine the pros and cons of using the same diagnostic criteria for dependence across all drugs versus using dependence criteria specific to the drug of interest. METHODS: A qualitative review of the similarities and differences in nicotine versus alcohol and opiate dependence is used as an example of the utility of using generic versus drug-specific criteria. RESULTS: Many scientists implicitly recognize that nicotine dependence is different when they do not include nicotine dependence when studying 'drug dependence'. Nicotine and alcohol/opiate dependence have many similarities (e.g. both can cause withdrawal). Among the several differences, the most important is that nicotine dependence does not cause acute behavioral impairment. Some of the generic dependence criteria do not apply to nicotine dependence (e.g. giving up activities to use the drug) and some well-validated measures of nicotine dependence (e.g. time to first cigarette) are not included in the generic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical tests of the relative utility of generic versus drug-specific criteria are needed.
Authors: Li-Tzy Wu; Jeng-Jong Pan; Dan G Blazer; Betty Tai; Maxine L Stitzer; Robert K Brooner; George E Woody; Ashwin A Patkar; Jack D Blaine Journal: J Stud Alcohol Drugs Date: 2009-05 Impact factor: 2.582
Authors: Lawrence P Carter; Maxine L Stitzer; Jack E Henningfield; Rich J O'Connor; K Michael Cummings; Dorothy K Hatsukami Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2009-12 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: D Shmulewitz; M M Wall; E Aharonovich; B Spivak; A Weizman; A Frisch; B F Grant; D Hasin Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2013-01-14 Impact factor: 7.723