From the membrane to the nucleus and back again: bifunctional focal adhesion proteins.

Cell substratum adhesion influences a variety of processes including motility, proliferation and survival. In recent years, it has become clear that there are proteins that are capable of shuttling between cell adhesion zones and the nucleus, providing a mechanism for transcellular coordination and communication. Recent findings have given insight into the physiological signals that trigger trafficking of focal adhesion constituents to the nucleus, where they make diverse contributions to the control of gene expression.