Prospective study of vegetable consumption and liver cancer in Japan.

We examined the relationship between vegetable consumption and the risk of death from liver cancer in a cohort study in Japan. This analysis is based on data from 6,049 subjects aged 40 to 79 years enrolled in a cohort study conducted in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The follow-up period was from 1986 to 1999. All liver cancer deaths were recorded. The vegetable consumption was classified into 3 groups: "once per week or less," "2-4 times per week" and "daily intake." The Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A total of 51 male and 22 female liver cancer deaths were recorded during 62,343 person-years of follow-up. The "once per week or less" group was considered the referent group. In males, the multivariate HRs of liver cancer deaths were 0.61 (95% CI: 0.33-1.14) and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.11-0.59) in the "2-4 times per week" and "daily intake" groups, respectively. In females, the multivariate HRs were 0.44 (95% CI: 0.13-1.51) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.16-1.69), respectively. The multivariate HRs were also reported by history of hepatitis and cirrhosis. In those without a history of these conditions, the multivariate HRs were 0.54 (95% CI: 0.27-1.09) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.16-0.83). In those with a history of these conditions, the multivariate HRs were 0.58 (95% CI: 0.22-1.56) and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.13-1.06), respectively. Our study reveals an inverse association between vegetable consumption and the risk of death from liver cancer. These results provide further evidence of the protective effect of vegetables against liver cancer.