Non-erosive reflux disease and atypical gastro-oesophageal reflux disease manifestations: treatment results.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widespread complex disorder that may be responsible for a variety of different symptoms and clinical features. Despite the presence of symptoms, the majority of patients do not have endoscopic lesions of oesophagitis. Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is a chronic, relapsing condition that can adversely affect the quality of life despite the absence of mucosal breaks at endoscopy. In many patients GERD is associated with extra-oesophageal or atypical manifestations, including cough, asthma, laryngitis or non-cardiac chest pain. Acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) remains the mainstay of GERD therapy. However, patients with NERD and extra-oesophageal manifestations are often poorly responsive to PPI therapy. Accurate diagnosis followed by adequate PPI dosage and compliance with therapy are essential for the successful control of NERD and extra-oesophageal manifestations. The better detection and characterization of acid and non-acid reflux episodes using developing technologies, such as combined pH-impedance monitoring, is extending our understanding of the pathophysiology of NERD and the extra-oesophageal manifestations of GERD, and will lead to the improved management of these often poorly responsive conditions. This article reviews the treatment results and outlines approaches to the evaluation, diagnosis and therapy of NERD and atypical GERD manifestations.