Effects of hyperglycemia on sperm and testicular cells of Goto-Kakizaki and streptozotocin-treated rat models for diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease that has deleterious effects on male reproductive function, possibly through an increase in oxidative stress. This study was conducted in order to clarify the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences animal models for both type 1 (streptozotocin-treated rats, STZ) and type 2 (Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats) diabetes. We determined the extent of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, lactate levels, adenine nucleotides, adenylate energy charge and the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and lactate dehydrogenase, in isolated testicular cells of control and diabetic rats. We have also correlated these parameters with sperm count and motility. Sperm concentration and motility were decreased in STZ-treated rats. ATP levels were lower in rats treated with STZ for 3 months, in contrast to GK and rats treated with STZ for 1 month, suggesting an adaptative response. STZ-treated rats showed increased lipid peroxidation after 1 week and 3 months of treatment. Glutathione reductase (G-red) activity was found to be higher in GK rats. Glutathione peroxidase activity was lower in GK and rats treated with STZ for 1 month, which is in accordance with the proposal of functional recovery in these animals. We conclude that hyperglycemia has an adverse effect in sperm concentration and motility via changes in energy production and free radical management. Furthermore, both animal models, particularly GK rats and rats treated with STZ for 1 month, present some metabolic adaptations, increasing the efficiency of mitochondrial ATP production, in order to circumvent the deleterious effects promoted by the disease.