Jeffery S Johns1, Conner Nguyen, Ronald F Sing. 1. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Charlotte Institute of Rehabilitation, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Jeff.Johns@carolinashealthcare.org
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been reported in 60% to 100% of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Several guidelines have been published detailing recommended venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after acute SCI. Low-molecular-weight heparin, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices, and/or graduated compression stockings are recommended. Vena cava filters (VCFs) are recommended for secondary prophylaxis in certain situations. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the use of vena cava filters in patients with SCI. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Prophylactic use of vena cava filters has expanded in trauma patients, including individuals with SCI. Filter placement effectively prevents pulmonary emboli and has a low complication rate. Indications include pulmonary embolus while on anticoagulant therapy, presence of pulmonary embolus and contraindication for anticoagulation, and documented free-floating ileofemoral thrombus. VCFs should be considered in patients with complete motor paralysis caused by lesions in the high cervical cord (C2 and C3), with poor cardiopulmonary reserve, or with thrombus in the inferior vena cava despite anticoagulant prophylaxis. Three optional retrievable filters that are approved for use are discussed. CONCLUSION: Retrievable VCFs are a safe, feasible option for secondary prophylaxis of VTE in patients with SCI. Objective criteria for temporary and permanent placement need to be defined.
BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been reported in 60% to 100% of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Several guidelines have been published detailing recommended venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after acute SCI. Low-molecular-weight heparin, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices, and/or graduated compression stockings are recommended. Vena cava filters (VCFs) are recommended for secondary prophylaxis in certain situations. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the use of vena cava filters in patients with SCI. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Prophylactic use of vena cava filters has expanded in traumapatients, including individuals with SCI. Filter placement effectively prevents pulmonary emboli and has a low complication rate. Indications include pulmonary embolus while on anticoagulant therapy, presence of pulmonary embolus and contraindication for anticoagulation, and documented free-floating ileofemoral thrombus. VCFs should be considered in patients with complete motor paralysis caused by lesions in the high cervical cord (C2 and C3), with poor cardiopulmonary reserve, or with thrombus in the inferior vena cava despite anticoagulant prophylaxis. Three optional retrievable filters that are approved for use are discussed. CONCLUSION: Retrievable VCFs are a safe, feasible option for secondary prophylaxis of VTE in patients with SCI. Objective criteria for temporary and permanent placement need to be defined.
Authors: Robert A Maxwell; Marco Chavarria-Aguilar; William T Cockerham; Patricia L Lewis; Donald E Barker; Rodney M Durham; David L Ciraulo; Charles M Richart Journal: J Trauma Date: 2002-05
Authors: S F Millward; V L Oliva; S D Bell; D A Valenti; P Rasuli; M Asch; A Hadziomerovic; J R Kachura Journal: J Vasc Interv Radiol Date: 2001-09 Impact factor: 3.464
Authors: Scott Worley; Christine Short; Jeff Pike; David Anderson; Jo-Anne Douglas; Kara Thompson Journal: J Spinal Cord Med Date: 2008 Impact factor: 1.985
Authors: Roberta Dionello; Luis Lopez de Heredia; Richard J Hughes; Tom M Meagher; Maurizio Belci; Dinuke R Warakaulle Journal: Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil Date: 2013
Authors: Nsikak J Umoh; Christopher M Alessi; David P Franklin; Anthony O Udekwu Journal: Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Date: 2009-10-14 Impact factor: 3.693