The effects of apoptotic, deported human placental trophoblast on macrophages: possible consequences for pregnancy.

During pregnancy, trophoblasts are shed into maternal blood from the placenta as they die. Trophoblasts are fetal cells and are therefore immunologically foreign to the maternal immune system, but the effects of shed trophoblasts on the maternal immune system are poorly characterized. We have used an in vitro villous explant model to harvest shed trophoblasts. These shed trophoblasts consist of multinucleated syncytial knots as well as mononuclear cells, and approximately 90% are apoptotic as determined by immunostaining with antibodies recognizing activated caspase-3 and the M30 cytokeratin neoepitope. U937 cells phagocytosed the shed apoptotic trophoblasts and, subsequently, secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased. In contrast, secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine Il-1beta by U937 cells was decreased after phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblasts and the changes in both IL-10 and IL-1beta secretion were blocked by co-incubation with the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin B. Shed trophoblasts caused a significant increase also in expression of the, immunosuppressive, tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. We speculate that the shedding of trophoblasts may not be simply a mechanism the fetus uses to dispose of aged trophoblasts but rather shed apoptotic trophoblasts may provide a chronic source of tolerizing paternally derived antigens to regulate maternal immune responses to the fetus.