BACKGROUND: Upper airway inflammation is now recognized in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. However, the role played by eicosanoids such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether eicosanoids are measurable in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to determine whether differences in these inflammatory mediators emerge among children with and without sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). METHODS: EBC was collected from 50 consecutive snoring children undergoing overnight polysomnography for suspected SDB, and from 12 nonsnoring control subjects. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs: leukotriene C4 [LTC4]/leukotriene D4 [LTD4]/leukotriene E4 [LTE4]) EBC levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: LTB4 levels were elevated in children with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 5/h (SDB; 97.6 +/- 6.3 pg/mL) compared to children with an AHI < 5/h (mild SDB; 66.4 +/- 19.1 pg/mL; p < 0.01) and control subjects (27.8 +/- 3.7 pg/mL; p < 0.01). Similarly, cys-LT (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4) concentrations were also increased in SDB (45.1 +/- 10.6 pg/mL in SDB vs 27.6 +/- 8.3 pg/mL in mild SDB, and 15.7 +/- 7.6 pg/mL in control subjects; p < 0.01). In contrast, PGE2 concentrations were similar among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins can be readily quantified in EBC collected from the upper airway of children. Disease severity-dependent increases in leukotriene concentrations (LTB4 and LTC4/LTD4/LTE4) emerge among children and may serve as a noninvasive tool in the clinical assessment of these children.
BACKGROUND: Upper airway inflammation is now recognized in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. However, the role played by eicosanoids such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether eicosanoids are measurable in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to determine whether differences in these inflammatory mediators emerge among children with and without sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). METHODS:EBC was collected from 50 consecutive snoring children undergoing overnight polysomnography for suspected SDB, and from 12 nonsnoring control subjects. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs: leukotriene C4 [LTC4]/leukotriene D4 [LTD4]/leukotriene E4 [LTE4]) EBC levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:LTB4 levels were elevated in children with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 5/h (SDB; 97.6 +/- 6.3 pg/mL) compared to children with an AHI < 5/h (mild SDB; 66.4 +/- 19.1 pg/mL; p < 0.01) and control subjects (27.8 +/- 3.7 pg/mL; p < 0.01). Similarly, cys-LT (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4) concentrations were also increased in SDB (45.1 +/- 10.6 pg/mL in SDB vs 27.6 +/- 8.3 pg/mL in mild SDB, and 15.7 +/- 7.6 pg/mL in control subjects; p < 0.01). In contrast, PGE2 concentrations were similar among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins can be readily quantified in EBC collected from the upper airway of children. Disease severity-dependent increases in leukotriene concentrations (LTB4 and LTC4/LTD4/LTE4) emerge among children and may serve as a noninvasive tool in the clinical assessment of these children.
Authors: Robert M Douglas; Karen Bowden; Jennifer Pattison; Alexander B Peterson; Joseph Juliano; Nancy D Dalton; Yusu Gu; Erika Alvarez; Toshihiro Imamura; Kirk L Peterson; Joseph L Witztum; Gabriel G Haddad; Andrew C Li Journal: J Appl Physiol (1985) Date: 2013-08-29
Authors: Graziela De Luca Canto; Camila Pachêco-Pereira; Secil Aydinoz; Paul W Major; Carlos Flores-Mir; David Gozal Journal: Sleep Med Rev Date: 2014-11-28 Impact factor: 11.609