Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia.

The literature on the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders is reviewed (116 references). All clinically active antipsychotic drugs share the ability to block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Their potencies vary, chlorpromazine and thioridazine being the least potent and fluphenazine and haloperidol the most potent. The adverse effects of the neuroleptics include acute dystonia, parkinsonian symptoms (extrapyramidal symptoms), akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and tardive dystonia. When used at equipotent doses, all classic neuroleptics now available are equally effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. Choice of drug is based on adverse effects and patient response. The neuroleptics are effective in most acute exacerbations of schizophrenia and for the prevention or mitigation of relapse. Their effects are more pronounced on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and paranoia, than on the negative symptoms, such as deficits in social interaction, emotional expression, and motivation. Strategies for acute and maintenance treatment and for the management of treatment-resistant patients are reviewed. The pharmacology and clinical use of the newer atypical neuroleptics, particularly clozapine, and their adverse effects are discussed.